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UBRARY 

UNIVERSITY  OP 


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REPORT 


.  ON-  THE 


K4-       V    r 


IV 


OF  THE 


STATE  OF  MISSISSIPPI. 


By  EUGENE  W.  HILGARD,  State  Geologist. 


JACKSON: 

MISSLSSIPPIAN  STEAM  POWER  PRESS  PRINT. 

1858. 


REPORT: 


To  /Zw  Excellency,  William  McWillie,  Governor  of  Missisippi : 

SIR  : — The  law  makes  it  the  duty  of  the  Geologist  of  this 
State,  to  lay  before  the  Governor,  annually,  a  report  concern- 
ing the  progress  of  the  Geological  Survey  during  the  pre- 
ceding year. 

The  meaning  and  intent  of  this  law,  has  been  variously 
construed,  it  having  been  thought  by  some  that  the  annual 
report  is  intended  to  embrace  not  merely  the  general  statement 
of  the  work  done  and  results  obtained,  but  also  a  descrip- 
tion, more  or  less  detailed,  of  the  phenomena  observed.  The 
latter  plan  has  been  carried  out  in  the  report  made  by  the 
late  State  Geologist,  and  is  not  without  precedent  in  other 
States.  It  is  obvious,  however,  that  reports  of  this  charac- 
ter can  be  practically  useful  only  where,  as  in  mineral  dis- 
tricts, the  detail  constitutes  in  itself,  a  useful  and  even  neces- 
sary guide  in  rendering  productive,  resources  immediately 
available.  Thus,  the  partial  but  detailed  reports  of  the 
Geological  Surveys  of  Missouri,  Kentucky  and  Tennessee, 
have  been  eminently  useful  in  developing  the  mineral  re- 
sources of  those  States. 

In  view  of  these  facts,  it  is  frequently  asked  why  it  is  that 
the  reports  heretofore  published  in  connexion  with  the  Geo- 
logical Survey  of  this  State,  have  done  so  little  towards  de- 
veloping new  resources ;  and  that,  while  enumerating  a  large 
number  of  facts,  they  are  of  so  little  use  as  practical  guides 
in  the  utilization  of  those  resources,  few  in  number,  which 
have  been  discovered.  In  consequence  of  this  failure  to  ful- 
fill the  expectations  raised  by  the  brilliant  results  of  the 


978 


Geological  Surveys  of  other  States,  it  is  frequently  urged, 
and  has  been  promulgated  even  in  the  legislative  halls,  that 
if  this  failure  is  not  merely  the  consequence  of  incompetency 
on  the  part  of  those  charged  with  the  execution  of  the  work, 
it  "is  of  no  use  to  have  a  Geological  Survey  of  Mississippi  ;* 
and  whereas,  it  had  been  satisfactorily  shown  that  no  min- 
erals were  to  be  found  in  the  State,  the  survey  had  better  be 
abandoned  at  once,  to  save  expense. 

It  is  my  object,  in  submitting  to  you  this  brief  report,  to 
deal  with  these  objections,  and  to  explain  to  the  people  at 
large,  what  I  have  had  the  honor  of  discussing  with  you 
personally,  viz  :  the  true  causes  of  the  defects  and  short- 
comings complained  of;  and  moreover,  to  suggest  the  reme- 
dies which  are  plainly  indicated,  not  only  by  the  considera- 
tion of  the  nature  of  the  case,  but  also  by  experience  in  this,  and 
precedents  of  other  States.  Having  but  recently  entered 
upon  the  discharge  of  the  duties  of  my  office,  and  having 
been  greatly  impeded  in  my  progress  in  the  field,  by 
the  want  of  proper  equipments,  I  should  have  but  few  facts 
entirely  new  to  communicate  ;  and  since  even  these  would 
not  be  readily  appreciated  without  entering  into  a  lenghthy 
discussion  of  previous  observations,  I  shall  not  for  the  pres- 
ent dwell  upon  them.  Having,  however,  been  previously 
connected  with  the  same  work  for  sixteen  months,  and  no 
progress  having  been  made  during  the  interval,  I  may  per- 
haps speak  with  some  confidence  of  its  condition  and  its 
wants  ;  to  which  it  is  the  chief  object  of  this  communica- 
tion to  call  attention. 

The  Geological  features  of  Mississippi  are  such  as  to  ex- 
clude, according  to  the  accumulative  evidence  of  all  other 
countries,  all  chances  of  finding  within  the  limits  of  the 
State  any  natural  deposits  of  metalic  minerals,  with  the  ex- 
ception of  iron  ore.  The  latter,  although  widely  diffused 
over  the  State,  has  nowhere  been  found  in  quantities  suffi- 
cient to  justify  the  erection  of  furnaces  ;  not,  at  least,  so  long 
as  they  shall  have  to  enter  into  competition  with  those  of 
adjoining  States,  where  in  some  cases  inexhaustible  beds  of 


ore  of  first  quality  occur  immediately  contiguous  to  the  coal 
which  is  required  to  smelt  them.  Lead  ore  has  been  fre- 
quently found,  it  is  true,  but  always  in  isolated  lumps,  obvi- 
ously transported  to  the  spot  by  hitman  agency,  and  no  more 
indicative  of  a  mine  underground,  than  an  Indian  arrow- 
head ploughed  up  in  a  cornfield,  is  of  a  deposit  of  flint  be- 
neath the  soil.  As  for  the  gold  and  silver  mines  discovered 
broadcast  in  especially  the  north-eastern  counties  of  the 
State,  they  all  resolve  themselves  either  into  mines  of  the  ore 
of  copperas,  or  into  intentional  frauds.  Any  one  at  all  fa- 
miliar with  geology  and  mineralogy,  will  no  more  look  for 
metallic  mines  in  the  formations  of  Mississippi,  than  a  whaler 
would  hunt  for  whales  in  the  river  whose  name  it  shares. 
Experience  has  in  both  cases,  equally  demonstrated  the  vani- 
ty of  such  expectations. 

That  "  Mississippi  is  entirely  an  agricultural  State  "  has 
been  so  often  said,  as  to  be  almost  a  truism.  It  would,  nev- 
ertheless, seem  to  require  further  demonstration,  with  not 
a  few — the  same  who  imagine  that  all  the  meaning  and  ob- 
ject of  a  Geological  Survey  is  the  discovery  of  mines.  Its 
most  important  bearing,  that  an  agriculture  and  the  arts  im- 
mediately connected  with  it,  is  not  very  generally  appreciated  ; 
and  still  less  is  the  fact,  that  the  benefits  which  may  be  ex- 
pected to  accrue  to  those  all-important  branches  of  industry, 
through  the  agency  of  a  work  of  this  kind,  cannot,  for  the 
greater  part,  be  realized  until  it  shall  have  been  carried  on, 
if  not  to  completion,  at  least  to  a  very  advanced  stage  of 
progress. 

It  is  not  a  difficult  matter  to  recognize  a  metallic  ore  ;  to 
determine  its  value,  and  the  most  successful  mode  of  work- 
ing a  mine,  is  sometimes  the  work  of  a  few  minutes.  But  it 
is  not  so  with  soils,  the  ores  from  which  the  agriculturalist 
extracts  his  precious  materials  ;  or  with  natural  manures, 
which  may  serve  to  sustain  the  fertility  of  his  soil.  While 
the  useful  minerals  are  comparatively  few  and  simple,  soils 
are  infinitely  varied,  and  their  action  on  vegetation  exceed- 


6 

ingly  complex.  The  most  experienced  eye  is  unable  to  judge 
with  certainty  of  a  quality  of  a  soil  or  marl,  or  the  adapted- 
ness  of  the  one  to  improve  the  other,  by  the  eye,  or  any  super- 
ficial examination  alone.  Nothing  short  of  a  complete  and 
careful  chemical  analysis,  and  extensive  comparisons  of  the 
results  with  others,  and  with  previous  experience,  can  give 
them  that  practical  value  and  full  reliability  as  guides  to 
the  practical  man,  which  in  the  present  state  of  science  he 
does,  and  has  a  right  to  expect.  Investigations  of  this  kind 
are  not  a  matter  of  an  hour  or  a  day ;  they  require  time, 
extreme  care,  and  the  best  means  of  research — not  only  in 
the  laboratory,  but  quite  as  much  in  the  field. 

To  the  minds  of  those  not  specially  acquainted  with  the 
subject,  the  absolute  necessity  of  extreme  accuracy,  care  and 
conscientiousness  in  the  execution — especially  of  the  agri- 
cultural part  of  the  work — may  perhaps  be  best  illustrated  by 
reference  to  the  well  known  fact,  that  some  of  the  most  im- 
portant ingredients  of  soils,  the  withdrawal  of  which  renders 
them  absolutely  sterile,  are  generally  present  in  them  in  such 
minute  quantities,  that  a  careless  analyst  might  overlook 
them  altogether.  And  no  less  may  he  utterly  fail  in  detect- 
ing the  characteristic  differences  between  various  kinds  of 
soil,  by  committing  an  error  which  in  many  other  cases 
where  chemistry  is  applied  to  practice,  would  be  totally  in- 
significant. An  analysis  of  soil,  carelessly  made,  is  useless? 
and  worse  than  useless.  And  even  a  correct  analysis  may  be 
useless,  unless  all  the  natural  conditions  influencing  the  soil 
analyzed,  in  its  place  of  occurrence,  have  been  correctly  ob- 
served in  the  field.  And  what  is  true  of  soils,  is  equally 
so  in  its  application  to  marls,  which  are  intended  to  improve 
the  soil ;  if  incorrectly  chosen,  they  may  do  the  very  con- 
trary. 

Again  :  in  a  level  country,  where  the  underground  strata 
rarely  appears  on  the  surface,  while  their  character  is  ex- 
tremely variable,  it  is  not  an  easy  matter  to  ascertain  cor- 
rectly their  geological  features,  which  are  of  the  greatest 
importance  with  reference  to  the  digging  or  boring  of  wells. 


7 

Here  also,  great  care  and  minuteness  of  observation  is  ne- 
cessary. 

It  is  therefore  obvious,  that  in  the  case  of  Mississippi  at 
least,  a  hasty  and  superficial  geological  and  agricultural  sur- 
vey can  do  no  good.  And  it  is  equally  obvious,  that  if  it  is 
worth  while  to  make  such  a  survey  at  all,  it  must  be  worth 
while  to  have  it  done  well. 

That  it  is  worth  while,  even  the  results  heretofore  obtain- 
ed may  be  claimed  to  have  satisfactorily  shown.  The  green 
sand  and  marl  beds  of  the  north-east  and  middle  portions  o! 
the  State,  the  extensive  deposits  of  lignite  and  of  valuable 
clays,  and  the  numerous  mineral  springs  which  have  been 
shown  to  exist,  will  in  themselves  compare  favorably  with 
results  of  geological  surveys  of  other  States. .  Under  the 
natural  conditions  obtaining  in  Mississippi,  the  especial  im- 
portance of  the  natural  manures  just  mentioned  can  scarce- 
ly be  overrated,  when  we  consider  what  the  discovery  of 
similar  deposits  has  done  towards  the  promotion  of  agricul- 
tural interests  in  some  of  the  Atlantic  States.  Our  beds  of 
lignite  or  brown  coal,  cover  a  larger  area  perhaps,  than  any 
similar  deposit  heretofore  discovered  ;  and  although  not 
equal  in  value  to  good  bituminous  coal,  the  time  is  not  far 
distant  when  these  deposits  will  prove  highly  important  to 
many  portions  of  the  State.  In  numerous  localities  the  coal 
deposit  is  so  near  the  surface  as  to  require  scarcely  any  oth- 
er than  quarrying  operations,  in  order  to  obtain  a  fuel  which 
in  some  districts  of  Europe  is  almost  exclusively  used  for 
domestic  and  industrial  purposes.  And  even  where  the  bed 
is  less  accessible,  its  enormous  thickness  will  render  the  ex- 
traction of  the  material  profitable.  There  is  not,  perhaps,  a 
State  in  the  Union  that  can  vie  with  Mississippi  in  the  num- 
ber and  quality  of  its  mineral  springs  ;  and  the  importance 
to  the  people  at  large,  of  having  these  sources  of  health  made 
generally  available  by  a  thorough  examination,  is  manifest. 
On  the  other  hand,  there  are  regions  where  the  water  of  or- 
dinary wells  is  positively  injurious  to  health.  The  examina- 
tion of  these  waters,  and  determination  of  possible  remedies 


8 

for  the  evil,  will  not  be  among  the  least  important  results  of 
the  survey.  It  will  likewise  make  generally  known  the  ex- 
istence and  localities  of  occurrence  of  useful  materials,  such 
as  stones  for  useful  or  ornamental  purposes  ;  of  clays,  adapt- 
ed to  almost  all  the  various  uses  of  that  important  material ; 
of  limestones  not  inferior  to  those  of  which  the  imported 
lime  is  made  :  and  it  will  give  reliable  information  as  to  the 
quality  and  best  mode  of  working  these  and  other  useful 
materials.  And  among  the  lesser  advantages,  it  will  save 
thousands  of  industrious  individuals  the  trouble  of  looking 
for  things  which  they  cannot  expect  to  find,  while  informing 
them  as  to  what  they  may  reasonably  look  for. 

But  it  has  been  suggested  more  than  once,  that,  granting 
the  intrinsic  value  and  importance  of  a  geological  and  agrr 
cultural  survey,  it-  has  been  satisfactorily  shown  that  the 
chief  resources  it  is  likely  to  develop  in  this  State,  will  be 
of  little  use  to  the  present  generation  ; — that  lands  are  not 
yet  exhausted,  and  any  one  may  move  to  a  "fresh  place"  if 
he  chooses.  That  as  for  the  lignite,  there  is  plenty  of  wood 
to  last  a  lifetime,  and  more  too  ;  and  such  being  the  case? 
that  they  had  rather  not  go  to  the  expense  of  having  a  sur- 
vey made  yet  awhile. 

It  is  not  likely  that  a  policy  so  short-sighted,  narrow-mind- 
ed and  suicidal,  should  gain  ground  in  an  enlightened  com- 
munity, and  in  the  nineteenth  century.  As  for  those  who 
hold  and  profess  such  views,  their  departure  for  a  "fresh 
place"  will  scarcely  be  felt  as  a  loss  to  the  community  they 
desert,  and  to  which  they  refuse  to  make  themselves  perm?.- 
mently  useful.  Having  too  common  ground  whereon  to 
meet  such  objectors,  I  shall  confine  myself  to  meeting  the 
objections  of  those  who,  while  willing  to  do  something  for 
the  benefit  even  of  posterity,  still  imagine  that  there  is  no 
need  of  accellerating  the  survey  ;  and  would  prefer  its  in- 
definite prolongation  to  the  exertion  of  supplying  at  once 
means  adequate  to  insure  its  speedy  completion. 

In  the  first  place,  it  is  not  a  matter  of  indifference  whether 


9 

we  have  to  reclaim  an  exhausted  soil,  or  simply  to  maintain 
fertility  by  a  judicious  management  of  its  powers.  As  be- 
tween the  maintenance  and  reclamation  of  soils,  the  latter 
frequently  requires  more  than  three  times  the  labor  and  ex- 
pense, and  always  involve  much  loss  of  time.  Some  soils, 
once  exhausted,  become  irreclaimable  by  any  reasonable 
amount  of  labor. 

Let  any  one  travel  through  the  less  fertile  districts  of  our 
State,  and  mark  the  tale  told  by  the  numerous  deserted 
homesteads  and  waste  fields,  overgrown  with  blackberries 
and  "broom  sedge.'7  He  will  scarcely  escape  the  conviction 
that  even  with  us  it  is  not  too  soon  to  take  measures  pre- 
ventive of  an  evil  which  almost  laid  waste  whole  districts 
of  Virginia,  once  the  centre  of  tobacco  culture ; — which, 
have  been  and  are  now  being  reclaimed  by  the  aid  of  marls 
precisely  similar  to  those  so  abundantly  found  in  our  own 
state.  Had  those  marls  been  known  earlier,  Virginia  would 
never  have  experienced  the  decline  of  population  and  pros- 
perity which  at  one  time  created  such  apprehensions,  and 
resulted  in  the  loss,  by  emigration,  of  thousands  of  energetic 
and  enterprising  citizens. 

I  might  also  call  attention  to  the  fact  that  the  results  of 
the  survey  will  serve  as  a  guide  to  purchasers  of  land,  since 
it  will  inform  them,  not  only  of  its  momentary  condition  and 
character,  but  also  of  the  prospect  of  permanency  of  fertili- 
ty, and  the  means  of  improvement.  Had  the  survey  been 
called  into  existence  earlier,  it  might  have  saved  some  money 
to  those  unfortunate  speculators  who,  allured  by  the  prairie- 
like  levelness  of  the  Tippah,  Pontotoc  and  Chickasaw  "flat- 
woods,"  invested  their  capital  in  a  kind  of  stock  which  to 
their  amazement,  has  remained  utterly  unproductive. 

It  would  be  easy  to  adduce  many  more  cases  where  the 
results  of  the  survey  are  immediately  available  ;  while  the 
ultimate  importance  is  too  manifest  to  be  questioned.  But, 
taking  it  for  granted  that  a  sound  policy  in  national  econo- 
my bids  us  develop  all  the  resources  of  a  State  at  the  ear- 
liest period  possible  ;  that  a  geological  and  agricultural  sur- 


10 

vey  is  essential  to  the  development  of  those  resources  ;  and 
that  when  made,  it  is  necessary  that  it  should  be  well  done 
to  be  of  use  ;  then  it  remains  to  be  considered  whether, 
taking  into  account  the  area  of  the  State,  the  provision  at 
present  existing  for  the  execution  of  this  work,  is  adequate, 
and  proportioned  to  the  amount  of  labor  to  be  performed ; 
and  whether  its  failure  hitherto  to  realize  the  expectations 
entertained,  may  not  to  a  great  extent  be  traced  to  an  in- 
adequacy in  this  respect. 

It  is  my  conviction  that  this  failure  would  to  some  extent 
have  occurred,  under  existing  circumstances,  even  if  the  sur- 
vey had  been  in  competent  and  efficient  hands  all  the  while. 
And  I  may  add,  that  this  disappointment  is  very  likely  to 
continue,  unless  some  further  provision  is  made,  more  ade- 
quately commensurate  with  the  magnitude  of  the  work. 

The  original  Act,  worded  so  as  to  embrace  in  the  geologi- 
cal and  agricultural  survey,  botany  and  zoology,  (or  in  other 
words,  providing  for  a  complete  natural  history  of  the  State, 
almost  in  the  terms  of  the  Act  providing  for  the  survey  of 
the  State  of  New  York.)  made  the  Principal  State  Geolo- 
gist, a  Professor  of  Zoology  at  the  University  of  Mississip- 
pi. He  was  to  spend  four  months  of  the  year  in  the  field, 
himself,  while  his  Assistant  was  to  be  engaged  in  the  field 
survey  continually,  as  far  as  the  seasons  permitted.  And  to 
carry  into  effect  the  provisions  of  this  Act,  an  appropriation 
of  $3,000  per  annum,  was  made. 

This  arrangement  was  faulty  in  principle,  inasmuch  as 
during  the  first  years  especially,  it  is  indispensible  that  the 
Principal  should  chiefly  be  in  the  field  himself ;  and  it  failed 
in  practice,  the  Principal  being  unable  to  extricate  himself 
from  his  accumulative  University  duties.  Besides,  the  sub- 
jects to  be  embraced  in  the  survey  according  to  the  original 
plan,  were  too  numerous  by  far,  to  be  successfully  prosecuted 
simultaneously  with  means  so  limited.  Hence  we  find,  in  the 
interesting  and  ably  written  volume  forming  the  First  Re- 
port, by  Prof.  B.  L.  C.  Wailes,  geology  occupying  a  subordi- 
nate position,  comparatively,  among  the  subjects  treated  of. 


11 

Up  to  the  accession  to  office  of  the  late  State  Geologist, 
in  1854,  no  analysis  had  been  made  in  connexion  with  the 
survey,  (simply  because  there  was  no  one  to  make  them,,)  and 
the  data  concerning  the  general  geology  of  the  State,  were 
but  very  fragmentary. 

During  the  years  1854-55,  the  arrangement  just  spoken 
of,  continu-  d  in  force.  In  January  1856,  however,  the  Board 
of  Trustees  passed  a  resolution  relieving  the  State  Geologist 
of  any  duties  as  a  teacher  in  the  University,  in  order  that 
he  might  devote  his  whole  time  to  the  prosecution  of  the  sur 
vey.  Up  to  October  1855,  Mr.  Harper  was  without  a  field 
assistant,  except  for  a  very  short  period  j  after  that  date, 
and  until  removed  by  the  Board,  in  October  1856, 1  myself 
held  the  office  of  Assisstant ;  and  from  that  time  forward, 
until  March  1857,  (when  the  Act  dissolving  the  connexion 
thus  far  existing  between  the  survey  and  the  University  went 
into  operation,)  the  duties  of  the  office  of  State  Geologist 
devolved  upon  me  by  order  of  the  Board  of  Trustees. 
From  the  expiration  of  my  term  of  office  until  I  was  ap- 
pointed by  yourself  in  March  last,  the  operations  of  the  sur- 
vey were  suspended  ;  since  the  time  during  which  Mr.  Har- 
per held  the  office  after  his  re-appointment  by  Gov.  McRae, 
it  was  occupied  by  him  in  the  publication  of  his  Report,  at 
New  York.  By  the  law  detaching  the  survey  from  the  Uni- 
versity, the  office  of  Assistant  Geologist  was  abolished  ;  all 
the  duties  thenceforth  devolving  on  the  Principal  alone. 

In  reviewing  the  results  heretofore  elicited  by  the  survey 
— prosecuted  so  far,  under  circumstances  so  unfavorable — it 
cannot  but  be  a  matter  of  regret,  that  with  the  exception  of 
my  own  field  notes,  all  the  original  records  heretofore  made? 
and  used  by  the  late  State  Geologist  in  the  compilation  of 
his  Report,  (both  his  own  and  those  of  his  predecessors,)  have 
disappeared. 

It  is  too  well  known  to  require  discussion,  that  however 
small  may  be  the  qualifications  of  the  observer,  the  records 
of  observations,  written  down  on  the  spot,  is  always  of  value- 
while  in  any  case  whatever,  the  preservation  of  this  kind  of 


12 

records  is  of  the  utmost  importance,  so  long  as  any  investi- 
gations connected  with  the  subject  are  in  progress.  Nor  can 
any  report  or  theoretical  discussion,  however  complete,  re- 
place the  original  record  in  this  respect. 

Concerning  the  report  of  the  late  State  Geologist,  its 
merits  as  a  scientific  work,  have  received  no  higher  commen- 
dation at  the  hands  of  the  scientific  world,  than  its  position 
in  the  scale  of  usefulness  has  entitled  it  to  in  public  opinion 
at  home.  It  may  be  proper  to  mention  that  although  the 
facts  relating  to  the  counties  of  Tippah,  Tishomingo,  Pon- 
totoc  and  Itawamba,  together  with  the  diagrams  and  maps 
illustrating  them,  are  almost  exclusively  derived  from  my 
field  notes  of  a  special  survey  of  those  counties,  my  obser- 
vations have  been  perverted  and  misinterpreted  to  such  an 
extent,  that  I  am  obliged  to  disclaim  entirely  any  responsi- 
bility for  the  statements  given,  these  having  been  made 
to  correspond  to  the  preconceived  ideas  of  the  writer, 
rather  than  to  facts.  I  have  to  disclaim  likewise,  the  special 
maps  of  those  counties,  which  have  been  enlarged  from  those 
accompanying  my  freld  notes ;  not  only  have  some  of  the 
lines  been  arbitrarily  changed  from  those  laid  down  by  my- 
self on  the  spot,  but  the  enlarged  scale  exhibits  a  specious 
pretension  to  a  degree  of  accuracy  not  attainable  under  the 
circumstances. 

In  that  part  of  the  book  in  which  the  materials  gathered 
by  myself  have  been  made  use  of,  truth  and  fiction  are  so 
intricately  entangled,  that  it  is  quite  impossible  to  separate 
the  two  by  any  correction  which  could  be  briefly  made ;  and 
it  is  a  matter  of  conjecture  whether  any  other  part  of  the 
book  is  more  reliable  than  this.  Yet  this  work,  which  I 
must  consider  as  entirely  unworthy  of  confidence  in  all  its 
parts,  is  all  that  we  now  possess  to  show  what  observations 
and  results  have  been  heretofore  obtained — excepting  the 
matter  contained  in  Prof.  Wailes'  printed  Report,  and  my 
own  field  notes. 

We  have  heard  from 'various  sources,  that  the  speedy  com- 
pletion of  the  survey  might  be  confidently  anticipated.  In 


13' 

reality,  it  is  but  just  begun.  What  has  thus  far  been  done — 
a  very  general  geological  reeonuoisance  of  the  State,  and  the 
field-work  of  the  special  survey  of  six  or  seven  counties, 
would,  in  the  hands  of  one  competent  and  efficient  officer, 
properly  equipped,  have  been  the  work  of  ten  or  twelve- 
months in  the  field,  when  restricting  his  attention  to  the  ob- 
jects of  ag  eological  and  agricultural  survey  alone.*  Had 
the  arrangement  made  by  the  Board  of  Trustees  in  1856  re- 
maine^  in  force  after  the  separation  of  the  survey  from  the 
University,  so  that  a  Principal  and  an  Assistant,  each  prop- 
erly equipped,  could  have  jointly  prosecuted  the  work,  there 
would  have  been  a  chance  of  reasonable  progress  :  more  es- 
pecially when  (as  has  been  the  case  for  some  time,)  it  was 
understood  that,  for  the  present  at  least,  geology  and  agri- 
culture were  to  be  the  sole  objects  of  the  survey,  to  the  ex- 
elusion  of  any  more  special  pursuit  of  the  less  important , 
though  not  less  interesting  branches  of  botany  and  zoology. 

But  it  is  no  more  reasonable  to  charge  a  single  person,  no 
matter  how  competent  and  efficient,  with  the  execution  of  a 
work  like  this,  than  it  would  be  to  employ  a  single  work- 
man to  build  a  house.  Every  one  knows  what  disadvanta- 
ges the  latter  would  be  laboring  under  ;  he  might  work  a 
lifetime,  having  to  perform  himself  all  the  particulars  of 
making  and  laying  brick,  sawing  lumber,  splitting  shingles, 
etc..  and  after  all,  the  edifice  will  neither  be  as  perfect  as  it 
might  have  been  made  with  very  little  assistance  from  others, 
nor  will  it  have  been  of  any  use  until  completed  ;  and  what 
is  more,  every  one,  and  most  of  ail  the  workman  himself, 
would  be  out  of  patience  with  it.  And  no  one  would  sup- 
pose that  the  capital  so  employed  had  been  profitably  in- 
vested. 

Now,  the  case  of  a  geological  and  agricultural  survey  of 
a  State  like  Mississippi,  is  precisely  analagous  to  that  of  the 
house  just  cited.  The  labors  required  in  its  performance 

It  must  be  borne  in  mind,  that  it  is  only  during  eight  months  of  the  year,  at 
farthest,  that  fluid-work  is  practicable  even  in  the  most  favored  parts  of  Mississippi. 


14 

are  scarcely  less  various  in  their  character  ;  the  simultaneous 
co-operation  of  several  persons  is  of  even  greater  import- 
ance ;  and  the  disproportion  between  the  means  employed, 
and  the  work  to  be  done,  is  quite  as  glaring  in  the  eyes  of 
those  acquainted  with  the  nature  of  such  surveys.  But  in 
order  to  make  this  apparent  to  all,  it  may  be  well  to  cite  the 
precedents  of  some  of  the  other  States  in  which  geological 
surveys  have  been  ordered. 

In  most  cases,  certain  sums  were  provisionally  appropri- 
ated for  the  purpose  of  those  surveys  ;  while  the  specialties 
of  their  execution,  and  among  these  the  determination  of  the 
force  to  be  employed,  were  left,  more  or  less,  in  the  discre- 
tion of  the  Governors  and  principal  geologists.  The  work 
could  thus  be  placed  under  the  conditions  most  favorable  in 
the  judgment  of  competent  persons,  to  its  advancement,  under 
existing  circumstances  ;  they  were  thus  prosecuted  as  far  as 
the  means  permitted,  additional  appropriations  being  there- 
after granted  as  they  became  necessary. 

Thus,  the  State  of  New  York,  in  1836,  appropriated  the 
sum  of  $104,000  to  carry  into  effect  the  provisions  of  an  act 
of  which,  be  it  remembered,  the  act  providing  for  a  geologi- 
cal survey  of  Mississippi  is  almost  a  literal  copy.  The  State 
exceeded  by  Mississippi  in  area,  was  subdivided  into  three  dis- 
tricts, in  each  of  which  not  a  single  person,  but  a  full  corps, 
and  sometimes  several  of  these,  were  engaged  in  the  opera- 
tions of  the  survey.  Even,  thus  the  field  work  extended 
over  a  considerable  number  of  years,  nor  has  the  publica- 
tion of  the  results  been  quite  completed  even  at  the  present 
time.  Subsequent  appropriations  have  swelled  the  amount 
expended  (so  far  as  I  have  been  able  to  ascertain  from  the 
incomplete  documents  at  my  disposal,)  to  more  than  $200,000 
— it  has  been  currently  reported  to  exceed  a  quarter  of  a 
million,  at  the  present  moment.  Well  may  New  York  be 
proud  of  that  page  of  her  history  which  bears  the  record 
of  her  survey  ;  the  results  of  which — as  laid  down  in  that 
magnificent  work,  the  Natural  History  of  New  York — aside 
from  their  great  practical  importance,  have  proved  to  the 


15 

world  more  convincingly  than  thousands  of  Annual  Com- 
mencement  and  Independence  Day  orations,  that  republican 
institutions  are  *  ot  necessarily  unfavorable  to  the'progress  of 
science  ; — that  science  which  though  still  affected  to  be  held 
in  contempt  by  not  a  few  who  call  themselves  "practical  men," 
has  but  so  recently  achieved  one  of  the  proudest  triumphs  of 
the  age — the  Atlantic  Telegraph ! 

As  yet,  the  example  of  New  York  stands  unrivalled  on  • 
either  side  of  the  Atlantic.  Six  years  ago,  Mississippi  gave 
promise  of  following  in  the  footsteps  of  her  senior  sister  ; 
but  she  failed  to  redeem  that  promise  in  practice.  Taking 
as  a  basis  the  above  estimate  of  $200,000,  and  considering 
that  like  effects  invariably  require  like  forces  to  produce 
them,  the  annual  appropriation  of  $3,000  made  by  Missis- 
sippi, would  require  to  run  for  66,  say  sixty-six  years,  in  order 
to  complete  the  survey  in  accordance  with  the  act  creat- 
ing it! 

But  although  the  letter  of  the  law  of  1852  still  remains 
unchanged,  it  has  been  practically  assumed  for  some  time 
past,  (as  before  observed,)  that  the  more  immediate  objects 
of  a  geological  and  agricultural  survey  are  the  first  to  be 
attained.      Let  us  compare  notes,  then,  with  some  of  the 
States  in  which   surveys  of  this  [kind  have  been  ordered. 
Alabama,  Kentucky  and  Missouri  have  adopted  the  New 
York  plan  of  appropriating  from  time  to  time  such  sums  as 
might  be  found  requisite  for  the  successful  prosecution  of  the 
work.     Missouri  began,  a  few  years  since,  by  making  an  ap- 
propriation of  $20,000  ;  since  then  has  had  no  less  than 
three  parties  in  the  field  at  any  time,  besides  a  chemist  con. 
stantly  employed  in  the  laboratory  work.     Being  in  skillful 
and  efficient  hands,  the  results  of  the  work  have,  under  this 
system,  been  such  as  to  insure  the  requisite  appropriations, 
whenever  needed.    The  same  has  been  the  case  in  Kentucky; 
her  survey  began  in  1854,  and  now  almost  completed,  was 
carried  on  by  three  corps  simultaneously,  appropriations  suf- 
ficient to  sustain  them  being  made  as  required.     The  Alaba- 
ma survey,  at  first  advancing  slowly,  with  limited  means 


16 

supplied  by  the  State  University,  was  so  far  advanced  by  an 
appropriation  of  $15,000,  placed  in  the  hands  of  a  Tuousey, 
that  at  the  period  of  the  untimely  demise  of  that  eminent 
man,  it  might  be  considered  as  half  completed,  although  in 
his  labors  he  had  been  aided  by  but  one  Assistant.  Unfortu- 
nately, however,  in  this  case,  the  appropriation  failed  to  be 
renewed  in  proper  time,  and  during  the  consequent  sus- 
pension of  operations  (not  even  the  printing  of  a  report  hav- 
ing been  provided  for,)  a  large  part  of  the  results  so  far  ob- 
tained, were  buried  with  the  observer.  It  must  be  recollect- 
ed, that  when  a  work  of  this  kind  is  suddenly  stopped  at  a 
point,  when,  if  prosecuted,  half  of  the  labor  might  be  con- 
sidered as  having  been  performed,  that  first  half  will  not  by 
any  means  contain  a  proportional  amount  of  useful  informa- 
tion j  no  more  than  if  we  arrest  the  manufacture  of  cloth  at 
the  point  when  the  yarn  is  ready  for  the  loom,  we  can  use 
that  material  as  an  inferior  kind  of  cloth  ! 

It  may  be  that  the  evils  attendant  upon  the  uncertainty  of 
the  renewal  of  an  appropriation  necessarily  subject  every  few 
years,  to  discussion  in  the  political  arena,  are  among  the 
reasons  which  induced  other  States  to  adopt  a  different  form 
of  appropriation  ;  which,  by  rendering  a  repeated  special  dis- 
cussion unnecessary,  should  make  the  continuance  of  a  work 
of  acknowledged  importance  to  all,  less  liable  to  obstruc- 
tion by  every  variation  of  the  political  wind-vane.     But  in 
most  cases,   while  avoiding  Seylla,  they  have  fallen   into 
Charybdis.     They  intended  to  shield  the  young  tree  from 
being  prematurely  cut  off  ;  but  while  successfully  preventing 
this,  they  forgot  to  supply  to  it  such  nourishment  as  should 
enable  it  to  grow  at  all.     Both  in  Tennessee  and  Mississippi, 
where  this  policy  has  been  pursued,  the  annual  appropria- 
ations  are  insufficient  to  secure  the  completion  of  their  geo- 
logical surveys  within  a  deceunium  or  two.     Tennessee  has 
done  even  less  than  Mississippi.     Yet  we  see  (and  this  fact 
has  added  to  the  dissatisfaction  of  the  Mississippians,)  that 
the  geological  survey  of  the  former  State  stands  high  in  the 
good  graces  of  the  public.     With  a  due  appreciation  of  the 


17 

fell  qualifications  of  the  learned  gentlemen  now  in  charge 
of  that  survey,  I  must  observe,  that  *the  natural  conditions 
existing  in  Tennessee  arc  as  decidedly  favorable  to  the  ap- 
preciation of  the  geological  survey  by  the  public  generally, 
as  in  Mississippi  they  are  unfavorable,  for  reasons  before  stat- 
ed. Had  we  been  able  to  proclaim  the  discovery  in  a  Duck- 
town  mine,  of  quarries  of  exquisite  marble,  or  inexhaustible 
beds  of  stone  coal,  our  short-comings  might  have  been  cov- 
ered with  the  broad  mantle  of  charity.  But  the  dingy  ex- 
terior of  our  marls,  lignites  and  limestones,  is  little  calculat- 
ed to  dazzle  the  public  eye. 

Our  neighbor  State  of  Arkansas,  has  done  somewhat  bet- 
ter, by  entering  the  field  with  an  annual  appropriation  of 
$4,000.  This  sum,  having  been  appro priated/ram  the  outset, 
and  under  circumstances  peculiarly  favorable,  appears  to  be 
adequate  to  insure  to  that  survey  a  fair  rate  of  progress,  in 
the  hands  of  its  distinguished  Principal,  aided  by  one  As- 
sistant. 

It  may  be  observed  that  with  the  single  exception  of  Ten- 
nessee, no  other  State  has  made  as  small  a  provision  for  its 
geological  survey  as  Mississippi ;  notwithstanding  that,  as 
before  set  forth,  her  survey  requires  more  especially,  great 
and  time-costing  accuracy  throughout,  and  will  not  be  satis- 
factory to  any  one  unless  speedily  completed. 

It  would  perhaps  be  desirable,  and  a  saving  both  of  time 
and  money,  were  Mississippi  to  adopt  provisions  similar  to 
those  made  by  Missouri  and  other  States.  Had  the  sum 
heretofore  expended  on  the  geological  survey  of  this  State, 
been  placed  at  once  in  the  hands  of  a  competent  man,  with 
powers  (under  strict  accountability,)  to  make  such  disposi- 
tion of  the  funds  as,  in  the  Governor's  and  his  discretion, 
should  seem  best  adapted  to  further  the  survey,  the  latter 
might,  without  further  appropriation,  have  been  more  than 
half  completed  long  ago. 

But  I  do  not  mean  to  propose,  at  the  present  time,  inno- 
vations which  might  prove  distasteful  to  a  good  many, — es- 
pecially those  who  prefer  spending  in  small  sums  twice  the 
R-2 


18 

amount  which,  if  at  oiice  appropriated,  would  finish  the 
work.  The  public  does  not  appear  to  be  prepared  to  re- 
ceive favorably  such  a  proposition,  and  under  existing  cir- 
cumstances, it  is  perhaps  best  to  adhere  to  the  old  plan,  with 
such  modifications  only  as  the  interests  of  the  State  impe- 
riously demands,  and  without  which,  no  real  and  satisfactory 
progress  is  attainable.  The  minimum  is  the  provision  for  an 
Assistant,  and  for  the  establishment  of  a  suitable  laboratory. 

In  regard  to  the  latter,  it  may  perhaps  be  surprising  to 
those  acquainted  with  the  Legislative  Acts  concerning  the 
survey,  that  the  $1,200  appropriated  by  the  Legislature,  in 
1857,  for  laboratory  purposes,  should  not  have  been  sufficient 
to  accomplish  that  end — as  they  undoubtedly  would  have 
been,  had  they  been  judiciously  managed.  But  the  vouchers 
filed  in  the  Auditor's  office,  by  the  late  State  Geologist,  as 
well  as  the  stock  on  hand  (now  deposited  in  one  of  the  front 
rooms  of  the  Penitentiary,)  show  that  scarcely  more  than 
one-half  of  the  sum  appropriated  has  been  applied  to  the 
purchase  of  articles  really  useful  or  necessary  for  an  analyti- 
cal laboratory.  The  rest,  (except  $54  11  still  remaining  in 
the  Treasury,)  has  been  expended  in  the  purchase  of  promis- 
cuous articles  adapted  to  exhibition,  amusement,  and  other 
purposes  foreign  to  the  survey  ;  (among  the  larger  items,  I 
may  mention  $212  50  for  two  microscopes,  and  $73  75  for 
meteor oligical  instruments.)  And  from  among  the  articles 
mentioned  in  the  vouchers,  and  certified  as  having  been  re- 
ceived by  the  late  Geologist,  a  number,  to  the  value  of  $110, 
are  nowhere  to  be  found.  Many  articles  of  first  necessity, 
have  on  the  other  hand,  been  altogether  omitted  ;  and  the 
appropriation  has  been  exhausted  to  within  a  fraction,  with- 
out there  being  the  least  provision  for  the  fitting  up  of  a 
room  with  bare  walls,  to  make  it  answer  the  purposes  of  a 
laboratory. 

$500  more  will,  at  the  lowest  estimate,  be  required  to  put 
the  survey  laboratory,  in  working  order.  A  part  of  this 
sum  might,  it  is  true,  be  derived  from  the  sale  of  such  of  the 
superfluous  articles  as  may  be  saleable.  But  these  can  at 


19 

best  be  sold  only  at  a  sacrifice,  and  net  very  readily  at  that. 
The  proceeds  might,  if  necessary,  at  any  time  be  charged  to 
the  current  survey  appropriation. 

The  salary  of  the  Assistant,  heretofore,  had  been  fixed  at 
$1,000  per  annum.  Experience  proves  that  this  sum  is  in- 
sufficient to  form  a  permanent  inducement  to  any  competent 
man  ;  and  a  continual  change  of  persons  has  been  the  con- 
sequence of  this  inadequacy.  Now,  all  changes  of  this  kind 
are  not  only  vexatious  and  involve  a  serious  loss  of  time, 
but  each  one  is  in  itself  a  positive  pecuniary  loss  to  the 
State;  for  the  simple  reason  that  full  efficiency  on  the  part  of 
the  incumbent,  whether  Principal  or  Assistant,  requires  a  cer- 
tain amount  of  personal  and  local  experience,  which  can 
only  be  obtained  by  connexion  with  the  work  itself,  for  some 
length  of  time.  I  suggest,  therefore,  that  the  salary  of  the 
Assistant  be  fixed  at  $1,500 — the  same  as  in  other  States. 

In  the  present  stage  of  the  survey,  the  duties  of  the  As- 
sistant would  not,  as  a  general  thing,  be  in  the  field,  but 
in  the  laboratory  ;  hence,  no  additional  field  outfit 
would,  for  the  present,  be  required.  The  appropria- 
tion now  existing,  of  $1.000  per  annum,  for  current  expen- 
ses, is  not  however,  sufficient  to  defray  the  expenses  of  both 
laboratory  and  field  work,  when  carried  on  simultaneously  ; 
an  additional  appropriation  of  $300  per  annum,  will  be  un- 
ary for  this  purpose. 

The  permanent  annual  appropriation  required  for  the  sur- 
vey, under  this  arrangement,  exclusive  of  any  contingencies^ 
would  therefore  amount  to  $4,800  ;  besides  which,  $500  are 
at  present  required  to  complete  the  chemical  laboratory. 

The  act  of  the  Legislature,  disconnecting  the  survey  from 
the  University,  provides  that  ;'the  State  Geologist  shall  keep 
his  office  in  the  city  of  Jackson  j"  and  furthermore  ':that  the 
State  Geologist  may  occupy  as  a  laboratory  the  two  front 
rooms  in  the  second  story  of  the  Penitentiary,  and  shall  bo 
allowed  the  assistance  of  one  convict,  to  be  named  bv  the 


s,  to  aid   him  in  'keeping-  his  apparatus  in 


There  scarcely  appears  to  exist,  in  the  nature  of  the  work, 
any  reason  why  the  locality  where  the  in-door  work  of  the 
survey  is  to  be  carried  on,  should  be  fixed  by  law.  The 
headquarters  of  the  geological  survey  of  Arkansas  and  Ken- 
tucky, for  instance,  are  at  the  residence  of  the  Geologist  to 
those  States,  Dr.  D.  D.  Owen,  in  Indiana.  It  is  true  that 
all  other  things  being  equal,  it  would  be  natural  that  a  de- 
partment under  control  of  the  Executive,  should  be  located 
at  the  seat  of  Government.  The  fact  that  in  most  cases  the 
collections  resulting  from  geological  surveys  have  been  or- 
dered to  be  ultimately  deposited  at  the  State  capital,  would 
alone  furnish  a  sufficient  reason,  since  the  removal  of  collec- 
tions of  this  kind  can  rarely  be  effected  without  some  injury  to 
delicate  specimens,  and  always  gives  a  good  deal  of  trouble. 

In  the  present  instance,  however,  it  is  ordered  that  the 
specimens  collected  be  divided  between,  the  State  University 
and  a  State  collection  to  be  formed  at  Jackson.  It  becomes, 
therefore,  from  the  outset,  a  matter  of  indifference  in  which 
direction  one-half  of  the  collection  may  finally  require  to  be 
moved.  Almost  all  the  specimens  heretofore  collected  have 
been  deposited  at  the  University  -f  and  were  the  removal  of 
headquarters  necessary  at  the  present  stage  of  the  survey,  it 
would  be  quite  impracticable  to  effect  the  subdivision  of  the 
collections,  save  to  a  very  small  extent.  For  the  work  of 
examination  and  determination  remains  to  be  done  yet,  and 
it  is  of  the  utmost  importance  in  this  study,  to  have  the  ma- 
terials as  full  aad  complete  as  possible.  Practically,  it 
would  become  necessary  to  remove  almost  the  whole  of  the 
collections,  involving  a  great  expenditure  of  time  and  labor, 
and  the  de?tnxi,u,ii  of  many  specimens — the  majority  of 
these  being  of  a  character  unusually  delicate.  But  worse 
than  this,  it  would  deprive  the  University  for  several  years 
to  come,  of  the  use  of  a  collection  illustrating  the  geology 
of  the  State  ;  or  in  other  words  the  opportunity  of  ocularly 


II 

demonstrating  to  its  sons  the  very  phenomena    which  -they 
will  have  to  deal  with  in  practice. 

For  the  elucidation  and  elaboration  of  the  results  which 
still  lie  dormant,  as  it  were,  in  these  specimens,  (comprising 
nearly  one-half  of  the  whole  work,)  it  is  indispensable  that 
there  should  be  at  command,  if  not  a  library,  at  least  a  con- 
siderable number  of  books  not  usually  found  in  general  li- 
braries. The  greater  part  of  the  books  so  required,  the  ex- 
pense of  which  is  not  inconsiderable,  were  purchased  by  the 
University  during  its  connexion  with  the  survey,  with  a  spe- 
cial view  to  the  necessities  of  the  latter  ;  whilst  they  cannot 
be  found  in  the  State  library  at  Jackson,  nor  so  far  as  1  know, 
in  any  other  library  in  the  State.  Were  the  head-quarters 
of  the  survey  to  be"  removed  from  Oxford,  it  would  become 
necessary  to  purchase  these  books  once  more,  and  a  special 
appropriation  would  be  required  for  the  purpose. 

In  view  of  these  objections,  nothing  short  of  very  con- 
siderable advantages  to  be  realized  by  the  removal,  could 
justify  the  same.  But  there  is  not  actually  a  single  one  to 
be  gained,  unless  indeed,  that  the  State  of  Mississippi  could 
not  afford  to  provide  for  its  geological  survey,  other  accom- 
modations than  two  rooms  in  the  Penitentiary,  or  other  as- 
sistance than  that  of  a  convict. 

The  rent  of  rooms  suitable  for  the  purposed  of  the  sur- 
vey would,  in  any  case,  be  but  a  trifling  expense  ;  but  even 
this  extra  expenditure  may  perhaps  be  avoided  in  the  pres- 
ent, the  board  of  Trustees  having,  at  their  last  meeting,  ex- 
pressed their  willingness  that  such  rooms  in  the  University 
buildings  as,  in  the  discretion  of  the  President,  were  not  re- 
quired for  University  purposes,  might  be  appropriated  to  the 
use  of  the  survey.  There  appears  to  be  little  doubt  that  the 
collections  can  and  will  be  thus  accomodated,  it  being  in  the 
interest  of  the  University  to  have  them  near  at  hand.  An 
apartment  for  a  laboratory  may  not  be  as  readily  found,  there 
being  special  requirements  to  render  a  room  suitable  for  that 
purpose  j  but  the  difficulties  to  be  overcome  in  this  respect, 


22 

at  Oxford,  will  scarcely  be  greater  than  those   existing  on 
the  second  floor  of  the  Penitentiary. 

Should  you  think  fit  to  recommend,  and  the  Legislature  to 
authorize  the  changes  here  proposed,  I  might  hope  to  be  able 
to  lay  before  you,  next  year,  a  summary  of  results,  which 
should  satisfy  the  sceptical  as  to  the  importance  of  the  sur~ 
vey,  and  the  advantages  offered  by  an  energetic  prosecution 
over  the  dilatory  system  thus  far  prevailing.  Should  no 
such  change,  however,  be  effected,  I  shall  still  continue  to 
do  my  duty,  although  with  a  .consciousness  that  the  severest 
toil  will  be  unavailing  in  furthering  the  work  either  to  my 
own  satisfaction,  or  that  of  the  public  ;  and  that  the  people 
of  Mississippi  will  be  late  in  reaping  the  benefits  which  the 
prompt  and  thorough  execution  of  their  geological  surveys, 
has  conferred,  and  is  conferring  upon  other  States, 

With  the  highest  respect,  your  obedient  servant, 

EUGENE  W.  IIILGARD,  State  Geologist. 

JACKSON,  August  18.58. 

' 


ERRATA, 

1 — Page  4,  2d  iiiif',  8d  paragraph,  for  "accumulative,"  read  an- 

nulative. 

*2. — Page  10,  2d  paragraph  6th  line,  for  "Zoology,"  read  Geology. 
3, — Page  11,  2d  paragraph  8th    line,  for  "until  removed,"  read 

until  he  was  removed. 
4. — Page  11,  2d  paragraph  18ih  line,  for    "  McRae,  il  was,"  read 

MeRae,  was. 

5. — Page  16,  2d  lino,  "Tousey,"  read  Tuomey. 
6. — Page  18,  6th  line,  for  ''interests,"  read  interest. 
7, — Page  18,  2d  paragraph,   18th  line,  for  "  meteorligieal "  read 

meteorlogical. 
3. — Page  21,  4th  paragraph  4th  line,  for  "the  present,  the  Board'; 

read  the  present  instance,  the  hoard. 


14  DAY  USE 

RETURN  TO  DESK  FROM  WHICH  BORROWED 

EARTH  SCIENCES  LIBRARY 

This  book  is  due  on  the  last  date  stamped  below,  or 

on  the  date  to  which  renewed. 
Renewed  books  are  subject  to  immediate  recall. 


LD  21-40m-5,'65 
(F4308slO)476 


General  Library 

University  of  California 

Berkeley 


mm 


